Manimanjari - Not derogatory

 

वन्दे गोविन्दमानन्द ज्ञान देहं पतिं श्रियः |

श्रीमदानन्द तीर्थार्य वल्लभं परमक्षरं ||

MANI MANJARI of Narayana Panditacharya, is a Primer for Madhva students, giving a brief history of Dvaita School of thought, evolving from Bhagavata Vaishnava faith. The poem in 8 chapters with about 450 shlokas, gives a summary of concept of Creation of Universe, basic Tatvas, Prakriti, and nature of Jivas. It continues to narrate stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata leading to Bhagavata tradition with sages- Sanaka and others asV early Gurus, flowing down to teachers of Kaliyuga, Prajna Tirtha and disciples of Hamsa form of Vishnu. They are pious, meditating on banks of Ganga, later to Yamuna and Prayag, being troubled by followers of Advaita teachers in all inhuman ways, leading for them to hide out for spiritual practice. They were in fear of Advaita group, who invariably attack them, even killing a few among them, they moved to South, waiting for a crusader to be born as Madhva.

Before Madhva’s manifestation, the evils of followers of Shankara are narrated, as a passing reference. This is not an abusive text as believed by some. Some details of birth of Shankara at Kaladi find a place here only as per Shankara Vijayam of Anandagiri, and not Panditacharya’s creation.

The text in general is a beautiful example of a Primer in Madhva learning and Sanskrit language, giving Noun, Verbs and usage of this language to learn to understand Shastras. early Gurus, flowing down to teachers of Kaliyuga, Prajna Tirtha and disciples of Hamsa form of Vishnu. They are pious, meditating on banks of Ganga, later to Yamuna and Prayag, being troubled by followers of Advaita teachers in all inhuman ways, leading for them to hide out for spiritual practice. They were in fear of Advaita group, who invariably attack them, even killing a few among them, they moved to South, waiting for a crusader to be born as Madhva.

Before Madhva’s manifestation, the evils of followers of Shankara are narrated, as a passing reference. This is not an abusive text as believed by some. Some details of birth of Shankara at Kaladi find a place here only as per Shankara Vijayam of Anandagiri, and not Panditacharya’s creation.

The text in general is a beautiful example of a Primer in Madhva learning and Sanskrit language, giving Noun, Verbs and usage of this language to learn to understand Shastras.

Sri Vishnutirtharu, Sri Madhva's brother

 Sri Madhvacharya was visible for 79 years to all, and left for Badarikashrama when he was about 79 years of age. He is believed to be in an invisible form at Sri Ananteshvara temple, Udupi and visible in upper himalayas- Badarikashrama. He had a brother, whom he gave sanyasa deeksha, when the latter was struck by ill fate, death of parents as Vishnu Tirtha, head of Sonda Vadiraja Matha later. 

Nothing is known about Sri Vishnutirtha, except his Sanyasa Paddhati now published, earlier copied by one Dasacharya, Udupi, available in print format from 2008. Madhva Vijaya has some elaborate information on his character as a Saint, Tapasvi disciple of SRi Madhva. 

Sri Vishnutirtha was away from Udupi, engaged in meditation and Silence, and came back to Udupi after Madhva left the place on request of his disciple Aniruddha Tirtha. 

 श्रवणेन अनुवादेन मननेन अव्रुथा करोत् |

कालं वेदान्त शस्त्रस्य वेदान्त गुरुसोदरः |

प्रेमामृत प्रसन्नास्य स्मितन्गपङ्ग पूर्वकं 

श्री विष्णुतीर्थ नमास्मै प्रीति तीर्थः प्रदत्तवान् 

चतुरोसौ प्रवचने मनुसम्सिद्धिमान् मनः 

संख्या मां पूरणी मागान् मध्व दासमिति व्यधात् 

( म. वि. १५, ९८-१०२) 

tena samprartitho yatam Rupyapithamimam punah |

Krutajnam Kripaya sveshu sampraptam menire Prajaah ||

it is very difficult to track the history of Vishnutirtha, once he was back and disappeared from there again to the hills of Kumara Parvata. 

About 10 slokas are available in Madhva Vijaya of Narayana Panditacharya, but nothing personal information is known about him. 

His only available text has practically no information about him , his family lateron, as is the case with any sanyasi from a Matha. 

Sanyasa Paddhati - Sri Vishnutirtha

A view of Kumara Parvata, where Sri Vishnutirtharu is believed to be in Tapas. 

 

Image of Laksminarayana worshipped by Sri Vishnutirtharu at Sri Samputa Narasimha Swami Mutt, Subrahmanya.

Sri Madhvacharya was visible for 79 years to all, and left for Badarikashrama when he was about 79 years of age. He is believed to be in an invisible form at Sri Ananteshvara temple, Udupi and visible in upper himalayas- Badarikashrama. He had a brother, whom he gave sanyasa deeksha, when the latter was struck by ill fate, death of parents as Vishnu Tirtha, head of Sonda Vadiraja Matha later. 

Nothing is known about Sri Vishnutirtha, except his Sanyasa Paddhati now published, earlier copied by one Dasacharya, Udupi, available in print format from 2008. Madhva Vijaya has some elaborate information on his character as a Saint, Tapasvi disciple of SRi Madhva. 

Sri Vishnutirtha was away from Udupi, engaged in meditation and Silence, and came back to Udupi after Madhva left the place on request of his disciple Aniruddha Tirtha. 

 श्रवणेन अनुवादेन मननेन अव्रुथा करोत् |

कालं वेदान्त शस्त्रस्य वेदान्त गुरुसोदरः |

प्रेमामृत प्रसन्नास्य स्मितन्गपङ्ग पूर्वकं 

श्री विष्णुतीर्थ नमास्मै प्रीति तीर्थः प्रदत्तवान् 

चतुरोसौ प्रवचने मनुसम्सिद्धिमान् मनः 

संख्या मां पूरणी मागान् मध्व दासमिति व्यधात् 

( म. वि. १५, ९८-१०२) 

it is very difficult to know the history of Vishnutirtha, once he was back and disappeared from there again to the hills of Kumara Parvata. 

About 10 slokas are available in Madhva Vijaya of Narayana Panditacharya, but nothing personal information is known about him. 

His only available text has practically no information about him , his family lateron, as is the case with any sanyasi from a Matha. 

आनन्दतीर्थं विभुमप्रमेयं विद्यासुपूर्णं परतः परेशं |

नारायणं दैवतवन्द्यपादमनन्तभोगे शयितं नमामि ||

श्यामं नितंबार्पित तन्तुमेखलं विद्यानिधिं ज्ञानमहा गुनाड्यं 

निर्देशित ज्ञान महा सुमार्गं व्यासं मुनीनामहमानतोस्मि ||

( सन्यास पद्धतिः - श्री विष्णु तीर्थाः )

Sanyasa Paddhati is a text written by Sri Vishnutirtha, younger brother of Sri Madhvacharya. He is the first pontiff of Sonda- Subrahmanya Mutts. Sanyasa Paddhati deals with the rituals of recieving Sanyasa Deeksha, qualities of a disciple initiated into the 4th Ashrama.

It is a Manual for Madhva Yatis, brahmacharins, Grihasthas and Viraktas. there are 4 Chapters, 158 topics, running to 113 pages . In this Book, recently published ( 2008) by Sri Tirumala Kulkarni, PPVP. Bengaluru. it is an elaborate text on selection of a disciple by Guru, his qualities, tests to be conducted, preparedness for Sanyasa, Vaishnava Deeksha, Sri Madhva's philosophy neatly summarised,

The routine of new pontiff, Pujas to be conducted, fasting rules, types of food to be consumed, not to be consumed, rules for travel outside a Mutt, up to Brindavan rituals after death , to be observed, conducted by his by disciples.

Surprisingly, there is no shloka dedicated to Sri Krishna at Udupi, but Vedavyasa, Madhva are prayed respectfully. Maybe it was written before Krishna Pratishta, at Udupi.

Savandurga- Trekker's delight

 

 

savan durga 

 

 

Trekkers’ Delight

Savana Durga is a well-known trekking hill near Bengaluru.  This Asia’s largest mono-lithic rock mountain is located 60 KMs West away from Bengaluru, capital of Karnataka. It was for some time,  a second (summer) capital of many local royal chieftains. Rulers of Hoysala, Magadi, Vijayanagar, Mysru wodeyars,  and other dynasties ruled here ever since AD. 1350. The name, Savina Durga’, ‘fortress of death’ seems to be the appropriate name of the hill.  Even today, local elderly people remember the older name as Dabbugundu-  rock to push an enemy, invader or a culprit. 

Lavanis or folk songs of this region refer to many heroic deeds of local pallegars, chieftains, who used the tough and steep rocks for dumping anti-social or criminal war detainees. Even to this day, the two hills- Karigudda (black hill), and Biligudda, white hill, are well known for steep mountaineering adventures. Trekkers quite often visit this place on Holidays and weekends to try their sport. The hill is about 1226 meters above sea level, and a part of Deccan Peninsula. River Arkavathi flows through nearby Thippagondana Halli lake, earlier main water source for the ever-growing city of Bengaluru, until river Kaveri made her way into the IT Town.

History:

Savanna Durga has seen ups and downs in the history of Karnataka. This hill fort was an important part of III Anglo-Mysuru war in 1791, when the fort was captured by Lord Cornwallis. The names that appeared earlier was Savandi, in a Hoysala inscription of 1340 AD. The earliest record of the name of the hill is from 1340 AD by Mummadi Ballala, ( Ballala III ) of Hoysala dynasty, from Madabalu village, where it is called Savandi.  Another view is that the name originated from Samantadurga.

A fort built or developed by one     Samantharaya, a governor under King Ahchutaraya at Magadi, says a local legend,  although there is no inscription confirming this. This was the secondary capital of the Magadi rulers like Veera Kempegowda. From 1638 to 1728, Mysore Wodeyars took over this place and a local leader, a dalavayi  occupied this place with a palace built at   Nelapattna, a town down the hill.  In 1780, lord Cornwallis seized the fort   from solders of Tippu Sultan,  during the III Mysore war.  Later the British Sergeants might have used this as summer resort. Siege of Savandoorg happens to be a very important event in the  history of Karnataka, establishing the supremacy of colonial rulers overpowering the new and weak Mysore Wodeyar dynasty then, just founded by Yaduvarayaru. This fort was later used by others for storing defence armoury, and waging war with the enemies, using the local hilly tribe soldiers. Human habitats are sparingly found in downtown.

Savandi Veerabhadra and Savandi Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temples were built downhill, during this time. It is very curious to know that though Shiva- Vishnu were given equal priority in worship those days, their fierce forms of Veerabhadra and Narasimha are installed in temples of Bengaluru- Tumkur and Kolar Districts of this period. 

We find Yoga Narasimha at Devarayan durga, in nearby Tumkur district, and several Kala Bhairava or Virbhadra temples in Kolar and other nearby places.  Some people here worship both as house deities. That the hill was a place of residence for tribal people, is evident from the fact that during annual car festival, the members of this community are the first to draw the chariot of Bhagavan Shiva Virbhadra and Narasimha Swamy. A large number of local people gather each year for the annual festivities in Shravana, and Magha ( August & March)   months of the year.

Early humans lived here:

Excavations carried out in  this area have revealed that human beings lived here as early as Megalithic civilization (4500-1000 B.C.)  A large number of urns, small pots found here in caves are known to have used as vessels used in cremation of the dead. A number of caves have been discovered in nearby hill areas. Rivulets and streams dot this area during rainy season. Settlements of early man is also found in Devarayan Durga and Magadi, nearby places. Megalith or large stone and mortar structures are found near this place.

Trekking place:

Earlier, there were no steps to reach the hill top and it was covered by bamboos and other trees forming a barricade. Later rulers made a crude approach road to reach the top of hills. There are stories in local folklore about using large sized Chameleons to lift heavy material top from foothills.

Professional Trekkers identify trekking routes from simple to hard ways. There is about 750 to 900 ft of technical climb, to South of the monolith by routes- Moon light (Beladingalu), Kothi Dina (Simple monkey day), Deepavali (trade route).  Each route is followed by a distinct group of Trekkers. Easiest among this is named Cloud Nine’. The entire trekking journey can be completed by half a day or so depending on time of the year and other factors.  

Every trekker will carry sufficient water and something to munch, as they are not available here. Skandagiri, Bidadibetta, Nandi hills, Bannerughatta  are places for trekking. Trekking camps are held regularly to educate, promote and encourage this adventure sport. the time This place welcomes tourist most months of the year except rainy days of August, when the road and hill is very slippery. Public transport is available from Bengaluru though sparingly.

Parking for vehicles is available near the temple premises. Nearby places of tourist interest are Magadi town, about 18 Kms from here,  with several temples, Thippagondanahalli reservoir, also called Chamaraja sagar, located at the meeting place of two rivers- Arkavati and Kumudvati, which supply water to parts of West Bengaluru, and also a major source of drinking water.

Savana Durga is about 90 Kms from Bengaluru International Airport, 66 Kms from KSRTC Bus Station and KSR Bengaluru City Railway Station. November to June is best time of the year to visit this place.

 

 

Kigga

 Once we reach Sringeri, abode of Goddess of learning Sharda, and Adi Shankara, great spiritual master of our country, the place is bound to enchant us with serenity, greenery, scenic beauty, natural water falls and the like. The intriguing word ‘entrusted to Kigga ‘  means a narrow cliff in native Kannada, located in Chikkamagalur ( earlier Kadur) District.  

This place is connected to sage Rishyashringa, (son of Vibhandaka), who had never seen a woman in his life till he was invited by King Dasharatha, Sri Rama’s father,  to bring rains to the parched Ayodhya, during his rule. Arduous task of bringing this strange lad was entrusted to divine damsels- Apsaras. The story concludes with the king giving his daughter ( foster) Shanta, in marriage to Rishyashringa. Later the sage is believed to have observed Tapas at this cliff-Kigga, hence the name Rishya Shringeshvara to Lord Shiva, who blessed him.

This hamlet is on the outskirts of Sringeri 4.5 Kms away perching on an elevated land with a Jain basadi looking structure of  Malahanikarshvara ( remover of sins)  Lord Shiva, in an unusual shape of Shiva Linga emerging out of a bearded Rishi, and later added by his consort Parvati. The solitary shrine of Shiva has about 30 steps to climb on the left of Sringeri- Sirimane natural waterfalls. It can be reached by autorikshas with not so bargainable rate.

The temple is open up to 12 noon and pujas are performed by a resident archak on request. It is a country-tiled stone structure, with a central hall, pillars and sanctum sanctorum of Shiva. Shrine of Parvati is a later addition with nava grahas and roughly structured image of Ganesha ( drawn by mystic saint of Sringeri Sri Chandrashekhara Bharati Swamiji, a mystic with a turmeric root, now sculpted) and Kshetrapala Virabhadra shrines. Generally, local villagers regularly visit this place, often dotted by tourists.

A little further, we find Sirimane natural water falls, maintained by the Department of Forests. Usually, only youngsters visit this falls to play in water and have a natural shower, after getting down nearly 800 steps, of course, guarded by strong metal grills on either side. We can have a beautiful view of malanadu, with blue sky on top and cloud covered greenery on either side. It is a great fun and pleasure to bathe in cool, refreshing  natural waters from atop the hills of Tunga belt. A nominal entry fee of Rs. 50/ is to be paid, and children are not allowed to visit this place for safety. A great place to visit, when you are near Sringeri Sharada temple.

 

Nancharamma

• 

 

There is  a small cave temple, dedicated to Nancharamma ( Nacharamma) at the hill outside Mulabagilu town, Kolar District on Bengaluru -Chennai, Tirupati Highway. (NH4), since from my boyhood at Mulbagal.    My understanding is Nachiyar- Goddess in Tamil. Many times, we used to reach out this almost open temple, (now closeted), on our way to Vinayaka temple, on the other side at be Kurudumale. A rock edict, in Kannada  was discovered dated- 1416, where some grants are made by Proudha  devaraaya to the shrine, fetching some grains and money. 

we even have a temple devoted to her sister, Ranabheramma, in town, during Vokkaliga rulers of this area. We have more Nacharamma, as mother goddess, is one among them in neighbouring Andhra Pradesh- Kadapa ( now YSR ) districts. Nacharamma is also related to Sankethi (Shenkottai) Brahmin community of Kaushikas / Bettadapura also in a different way. They have some narratives about her. 

it is very curious to know that the name, Nachiyar- goddess or female deity, Lakshmi/ Parvati is common in southern part of our nation. Even some village deities are also referred as Nacharamma.. Since there is at present, no shrine of Vishnu/Shiva, it might not be that of their consorts also, hence it shall  a Gramadevata of the town, during later Chola period,  we were told that some bali, was offered to Devi on certain Pournima days. Devi with 4 hands, in seated posture, has simple ornaments, with a small crown on a rock. 

Mulabagilu- Eastern door to Vijayanagar from South, was usually a Military granary/ weaponry since several centuries. It forms a safe town either from Tamil country or Andhra province then. A dry land, this town was never rich in history of Karnataka. There is no water resource, hence certain crops are seldom grown here. 

Nachiyar could be a brave lady of the locality, now elevated as Goddess, who gave her life to save the land from some unwanted occupation. But, honours to this deity is on a par with other shrines, during Navaratri Utsava, each year, when a small metal image of the Devi is taken in a procession on Vijayadashami day.  it is very difficult to say who installed the image. However, taking Chola and earlier Tamil rulers and the name, we can say she is a vernacular version of a female deity.  

Shiva Parshadas

 Shiva Parshadas, close servants of Shiva,  are very commonly seen in all Shiva shrines, particularly in Dakshina Bharata. It is a traditional custom to offer Deeparati to them, to make the Principal deity and their Master Lord Shiva happy. We notice a fact that all attendants of Lord Shiva are directly linked to rural regions of our nation, signifying a popular connection to Pashupati form of Shiva as guardian of Agriculture and farming life. Nandi is seen invariably in the premises to take out Utsava Murtis of Shiva-Parvati after Girija Kalyanam, Rathotsavam and other festivities during Makara Sankranti, and Kartika.

Shiva is one among Vedic trinity. Brahma God of Creation, Vishnu the protector and Shiva the destroyer of this universe. Srishti, Sthiti and Laya are three aspects of our eco system. Lord Shiva is very popular God who can be easily pleased- Kshipra Prasada. His form is very simple, mostly as a lump or Lingam, he is pleased with ablution of water. “Abhishekapriyo Rudrah’ say scriptures.

Shiva group of Gods has Parvati, his consort, Ganapati, Skanda his sons, and a host of attendants named Pramatha Ganas.  All temples of Bhagavan Shiva have shrines of Parvati, Ganapati, Skanda, and Pramathas. Shiva’s  attendants are called Pramathas. They are quite a few in number, mainly Nandi, Bhringi, Rita. Virabhadra, Chandisha, being  main among them. They have been mentioned and described in Shiva, Linga, Brahmanda and Skanda Puranas.

Nandi, also called Vrishabha happens to be  Shiva’s vehicle, looking like a white bull, but he is very wise among his staff. Nandi is the son of Shilada Muni,  is fortunate to serve Lord Shiva as his door keeper and vehicle, always very close to the Shiva couple. He is highly blessed. He is also depicted as the monkey-faced (Kapimukha)

We have an interesting story of the powerful king of Lanka- Ravana confronting Nandi by his strength. When Ravana was returning after defeating Kubera, his vehicle stops at the birth place of Skanda, Sharavana forest. He tries to barge into  Kailasa to meet Lord Shiva who is in his private palace with Parvati. Nandi obstructs him.

Raged by this, Ravana fights with him and gets defeated in the fight. Nandi curses the proud Ravana for making fun of him, mocking him as monkey-faced  and ugly,   that if so …he will be destroyed by ugly looking monkeys and bear. The form of Nandi is sometimes human and finds a place in all Shiva temples facing towards the Lord.

Veerabhadra is another attendant who emerges out of Shiva’s form, when Shiva’s father in-law Daksha Prajapati performs a great Yajna without inviting Shiva. Parvati  as Sati immolates herself in self-created   fire, as she is insulted by her father, later to get married as Parvati, born as daughter of Himavan. Virabhadra shrines are found in many parts of South India. He carries weapons and always fierce  (Bhikara) in appearance.

Riti or Rita  is son of Uddalaka Muni, and a great devotee of Lord Shiva from his childhood. He serves the lord in the form of a horse. He is a musician like Tumburu, who usually  plays on  stringed ( tantrivadyas) instruments.

Bhrungi is another close attendant of Lord Shiva, who takes the form of a Bee to serve him. He is always singing the praise of Lord and kills a demon, who tries to approach Parvati to disturb her deep in penance. Some Parvati temples, and Vanadurga shrines are common with Bhringi, in coastal areas.

Chandisha or Chandikeshvara is another close attendant of the lord whose shrine is invariably built outside the temple in a cave looking structure,in the inner premises of the main temple. It is a well-known custom to Shiva  devotees to clap before him 3 times to mark their attendance of having visited Shiva. He is believed to have born an innocent shepherd boy, and an ardent devotee of Lord Shiva. He used to worship a heap of soil (Mrittika Lingam) as Shiva Lingam, with utmost devotion.

 Pleased by his devotion, the Lord makes him as one of his personal attendants in Kailas. He also accompanies Veerabhadra in destroying Daksha Yajnam, by pushing hard Pooshan, one among forms of Suryadeva ( Sun god),  by breaking his teeth, since he mocked at him by showing his teeth.